Reading Majed Almutairi’s thesis “The Archaeology of Kuwait” will give one a much deeper appreciation for the prehistoric, ancient, and medieval sites in Kuwait. Here are some of the archaeological sites Almutairi writes on:

Burgan Oil Field: the place where oil was first discovered in Kuwait in 1938, the field was surveyed by HRP Dickson in 1939, where he collected flints from the Mesolithic Period (13000-8000 BCE)

Burial Mounds: as Almutairi tells us, “burial mounds in Kuwait are from a variety of different periods” and “were probably created by people who had a nomadic lifestyle, because no significant settlements for these burial mounds have been found so far.” He also notes that, “the majority of these graves have been robbed at a later date as most of them were empty and some of them are found with the bones scattered.” Here are some of the burials he mentions:

• Kadhima Graves: located 14 kilometers north of Al-Jahra, three graves were excavated in 2002 which revealed the first full prehistoric skeleton in Kuwait.
• Al Radha Graves: one hill grave “consists of a circular wall with the burial chamber located in the middle of the wall. It has an oval shape. Here, circularity in form may represent a common belief system… a circular based cosmology.”
• SMQ30: in one site, named “SMQ30,” Lapis Lazuli was found. As this rock comes from Afghanistan, “this may indicate evidence for long-distance trade.”

Faydhat Nayif: located in AsSubbiyah, “the settlement, named by the author Faydhat Nayif Archaeological Site, is composed of two parts, the main cluster of gallery remains and a small satellite, the Sonna Village. Artefacts include fabricated iron tools, fishhooks and fishnets, pottery fragments, glass shards, and animal bones. The craft of the inhabitants revolves around iron smelting and tool fabrication, and hence, the “blacksmith” status”

Mudairah Stone: located about 30 kilometers from Al Jahra city, this is a large sandy stone cut in half. There are engravings on the stone, one of which “has been interpreted as a skull and eye by Sultan al-Duweesh, head of the Kuwaiti archaeological team.” There is another engraving, which might depict an ostrich. There has been debate on the age of the engravings, some suggesting they are Neolithic and others suggesting they date to 2000 BCE.

H3 Site: best known for being the site of the remnants of the world’s oldest boat, Ubaid pottery has also been found at H3 site. In her lecture series Ancient Mesopotamia, Amanda Podany tells us that, “the Ubaid Period lasted from 6500 to 3800 BCE. They had connections to the south. Some archaeologists think perhaps people moved there from Mesopotamia. Others think that the local people admired and imitated Mesopotamian culture. Excavators have found Ubaid pottery at about sixty archaeological sites in the Arabian Peninsula, the pottery seems to have been a luxury.”

Bahra 1: located in Subiya, there are remains of structures very similar architecturally to Ubaid ruins in Mesopotamia. Evidence at Bahra, “might indicate that this area of Kuwait had a shell-bead industry which was exporting to other areas.” Kuwaiti-Polish archaeologists are continuing excavation there.

Dilmun Sites: Almutairi tells us that, “Dilmun was an important civilization that flourished in the Arabian Gulf between 2400 and 300 BCE. It is associated with numerous ancient Mesopotamian myths… it is often described as the land where the sun rises and a garden of paradise… in this land there is no disease, atrocity, or animosity.” Amanda Podany tells us that, “Around 2500 BCE, Ur-Nanshe founded a dynasty that ruled the city-state of Lagash in southern Mesopotamia. Lagash was rich because it was located on a trade route that led to the powerful land of Susa, in the east. In one relief, he is shown with a basket of bricks on his head. He used this image to remind people that he was a builder. The relief mentions that boats from distant Dilmun carried the wood for him to build a temple. This is the earliest mention of the land of Dilmun, which was located in what is now Bahrain.” That relief, which you can see below, is located in the Louvre today. It has been established for some time that Kuwait was apart of the Dilmun civilization, demonstrated by the following sites:

• F6 Site: known as the “Governor’s Palace” and located on Failaka Island
• F3 Site (tell Sa’ad): the ruins of a temple likely dedicated to the god Inzak dated o 2000 BCE
• Al-Khidr Site: better known for a modern maqam dedicated to Al-Khidr, 71 Dilmun seals have been found in this area in the northwest of Failaka Island.
• Al-Shadadiya: in 2008 a man named Bader al-Mansur found a Dilmun seal with pottery in mainland Kuwait. The area is still unexplored (according to the thesis written in 2011)

Greek Sites: according to Peter Mansfield in his work Kuwait: Vanguard of the Kuwait, “the identification of Failaka with Ikaros is of great interest. Alexander the Great himself never passed by Kuwait. When he reached the eastern limits of his eastern conquests in India in 326 BCE, he set out to return to Persia by land. But he had in mind a great sea-traffic between Babylon and India. So he ordered his admiral Nearchus to return to the Euphrates via the Gulf at the head of a huge fleet. Nearchus kept a detailed journal of his journey which has not survived, but in 170 CE the Roman historian Arrian provided a full abstract of the work in his book on India. From this we know that Nearchus informed Alexander of the existence of two small islands at the head of the Gulf. One of these had wild goats and antelope which were sacred to the Goddess Artemis, and Alexander ordered that it should be named Ikaros after the island in the Aegean Sea which it resembled.”. Almutariri tells us about Greek archaeological sites located on Failaka in his thesis. The map below comes from Volume 4: The Stone Vessels by Anna Hilton.

• F4 Site: excavations have revealed a building containing 12 rooms, 2 of which were built from Babylonian tile, indicating that they may have been imported.
• F5 Site (known locally as Tell Sa’id) the best-known archaeological site, which can be seen on the 1KD bill

Medieval Christian and Islamic Sites:

• Al-Qusur: the ruins of a monastery dating to between the 6th and 7th centuries on Failaka Island
• Wadi Al Batin: surveyed in the 1980s, these medieval Islamic sites are no longer accessible as they are located in restricted areas. Pottery, fragments of glass and basic buildings were previously discovered, dating to the time of the Abbasid Caliphate.
• Behaitah: located in Kuwait City, there were architectural ruins, pottery, bread ovens and ornaments dating to the late Islamic period, but further excavation is not possible as a library was built atop the site

Akkaz Island (Tell Akkaz): Almutairi tells us that Akkaz was, “traditionally one of the Kuwaiti Islands, more recently it has become part of the port of Shuwaikh.” Inhabited by fishermen until 1972, excavators have found, “a Zoroastrian tower of silence (dachma), an early medieval church, and an Abbasid coin hoard (c. 750 CE).” You cannot access Akkaz Island today, but can see it from the freeway. Below is a photo, as well as a map from the 1970s that shows Akkaz Island at that time.

Almutairi ends his paper by saying, “from an archaeological perspective, Kuwait has not yet been fully explored. Although we have found many important locations, there are still more exciting sites to be discovered.” In her work Wildflowers of Kuwait, Linda Shuaib writes that, “just before Ras Jlaiya on high rcoky gorund by the coast is Jlaiyat al Abeed (little fort of the slaves), by popular repute the refuge of a group of slaves in a bid for freedom, and Jlaiyat al Harra (little fort of the free men). Unfortunately any remains of these castles now lie underneath the chalets at Jlaiyah. It is possible that these were fortifications built by the Portuguese during their struggle against the Ottomans in the sixteenth century. Years ago the idea of excavating the sites of the forts was suggested and perhaps it may be revived one day.”